What is the name of the process that breaks, scratches, or softens the seed coat to allow water entry and initiate germination?

• A. Initiation
• B. Scarification
• C. Forcing
• D. Sprouting

Answer: (B)

Scarification is the process that weakens or breaks the seed coat to allow water entry and initiate germination. Many seeds have hard coats that prevent water from soaking in, keeping the embryo dormant. By scratching, nicking, or otherwise softening that coat (mechanical, thermal, or chemical scarification), water can be absorbed, seeds swell, enzymes reactivate, and the germination program begins. This targeted coating alteration is distinct from initiation (a general start), sprouting (the actual germination growth process), or forcing (a broad term for accelerating growth). Scarification specifically describes preparing the seed coat to break dormancy and start germination.